It offers a general introduction to life functions, the medical terminology, and phonetic pronunciation of terms used to describe body parts and their locations as well as a thorough overall review of human development and body processes. Diseases and disorders are integrated within each body system chapter to link physiology with anatomy. Career profiles give you an inside look at the many health care professions available today. In addition, end-of-chapter questions and case studies give you a realistic view of situations you will face in the health care field, while highlights and features that emphasize clinical applications make learning fun and engaging.
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Our bodies are made up of 11 basic organ systems that manage all the essential body functions. These systems, while interdependent, can become out of tune. When one is not functioning properly, the others will attempt to correct the problem. All the systems will work together to try to create what is known as homeostasis or a state of balance within the body.
This system maintains our breathing. It supplies the body with oxygen for cellular respiration by collecting oxygen in the lungs and disposes of carbon dioxide by breathing out the waste product. It also provides our functions of speech and smell. Diseases and disorders of the respiratory system include allergies; rhinitis and sinusitis; laryngitis; COPD; pleurisy; bronchitis; emphysema; asthma; sarcoidosis; fibrosis; asbestosis; pulmonary vascular diseases; fungal or bacterial infections of the lungs; sleep apnea; tuberculosis of the respiratory system; and lung, throat, and other respiratory cancers.
Major functions of the cardiovascular system include transportation of oxygen, nutrients and hormones throughout the body within the blood, and as well as eliminating carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste.
The thoracic duct begins at the cisterna chyli, collecting lymph from the left side of head, neck and thorax, left upper limb, abdomen and both lower limbs and draining it into the left venous angle (junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins). The right lymphatic duct drains the rest of the body and empties into the right venous angle. From the venous angles, cleaned lymph is returned to the circulatory system, rejoining with the fluid of the blood. Note that the central nervous system was previously thought to have no lymphatic vessels. However, recent research has shown its lymph is drained by lymph vessel-like structures found in the meninges.
The skin is the largest organ of the body. It has three layers; epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis is a thick keratinized epithelium made of multiple cell layers. Underneath the epidermis is the dermis, a layer of connective tissue that contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the skin. The underlying fascia, also called the hypodermis, consists of fat, connective tissue and skin appendages (hair, nails, sebaceous and sweat glands).The integumentary system functions are various. It forms a continuous layer that protects the body from various damaging events, such as external injuries, loss of water and heat, and the carcinogenic effects of UV rays. It also excretes waste, contains sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature, and provides for vitamin D synthesis. 2ff7e9595c
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